Temporal Variability of Particulate Matter and Black Carbon Concentrations over Greater Cairo and Its Atmospheric Drivers

This study examines the seasonal and annual variability of black carbon (BC) particular matter (PM1, 2.5, 10) over Greater Cairo (Egypt) from 2003 to 2020. Data on PM BC concentrations were gathered European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) reanalysis dataset. The Observed data Abbasiya Station employed verify accuracy data, a good agreement both scales was suggested. results demonstrate that highest generally witnessed during wintertime, while lowest observed in summer. Trend analysis showed that, apart fall, significant increase (p < 0.05) levels evident all seasons Contrarily, exhibited statistically decline Moreover, correlated negatively with (1, 2.5 annually. However, weak non-significant > correlations found between wintertime. Additionally, this looked at atmospheric configurations corresponding most anomalous positive negative phases air pollution Cairo. indicate is related anomalies 250 hPa, which suggest prevalence stable conditions, particularly winter. Overall, our findings can serve as foundation improved urban planning more effective strategies lessen effects quality largest megacity Africa Middle East.